Harvested from the gardens at Monticello.
Thomas Mann Randolph, Thomas Jefferson's son-in-law, observed this perennial wildflower blooming on April 30, 1791, at Monticello. Jefferson may have sowed seed in the gardens, as the Eastern Red Columbine's pendulous yellow and red flowers are quite attractive. John Tradescant, a 17th century English plant explorer, introduced this species into European gardens. Jefferson-documented: This plant was documented by Thomas Jefferson in his Garden Book, Notes on the State of Virginia, or other writings.

Sow seeds indoors 8-12 weeks before last frost date at 70 degrees F. For enhanced germination, pretreat seeds with cold, moist stratification for 3-4 weeks before sowing. Transplant to 3" pots once they have several true leaves, then harden off and transplant outdoors after last frost. Approximately 25-30 seeds per packet.